The doctrine that the Content of the conclusion of a deductively valid argument is included in the Content of its premises, taken jointly, is a familiar one. It has important consequences for the question of what value valid arguments possess, since it indicates the poverty of three traditional answers: that arguments may and should be used as instruments of persuasion, that they may and should be used as instruments of justification; and that they may and should be used to advance knowledge. The truth is, however, that in each of these cases the argument has only a managerial role and, if there is any work done, it is the premises that do it. It will be maintained that this point has little force against the critical rationalist answer, which I shall defend, that the principal purpose of deductive reasoning from an assemblage of premises is the exploration of their Content, facilitating their criticism and rejection. That said, the main aim of the present paper is not to promote critical rationalism but to consider some published objections to the doctrine that a statement asserts every statement that is validly deducible from it. The alleged counterexamples to be considered fall roughly into two groups: statements that emerge with time from a rich mathematical or empirical theory, but were originally unformulated and are deducible from the theory only in a non-trivial way (Frederick 2011, 2014; Williamson 2012); and statements, notably disjunctions, that are easily formulated and are deducible from a theory in a trivial way (Schurz & Weingartner 1987; Mura 1990, 2008; Gemes 1994; Yablo 2014). Each of these counterexamples will be evaluated and dismissed.

Objective: People who have higher social health can more successfully deal with the challenges and ups and downs of playing key social roles and participate more in collective activities and prevent social deviations and anomalies. In this regard, foresight and the development of a forward-looking strategy model by the media can play an important role in promoting the social health of their audience (individuals).Method: This research has been done qualitatively and quantitatively. In the qualitative phase, Content Analysis and Q methods were used, and in the quantitative phase, factor Analysis was used to analyze the Q method data.Results: The Content Analysis of the media in this study showed that the most media production in the field of social deviations with 576 cases and the lowest media production in the field of violence with 237 cases. The field of social quality with 485 and the field of social issues with 312 cases are in the second and third ranks. A small questionnaire was made and based on it, the desired model was designed using PLS software. Conclusion: This model showed that the function of media is effective in promoting social health of society and can have the greatest impact on improving quality of life, reducing violence, reducing social deviations and social issues.

The ethical actions are important because of the priority of the mission goal and their close relationship with social progress and development. Therefore, the purpose of this research is the identification and social Analysis of these types of actions among the verses of revelation and it deals with the effect of ethical actions in the production of social capital in the process of progress based on religious teachings and answers these questions based on the Quranic teachings. What impact do ethical actions (behavior) have on the formation of social progress? How do moral actions generate social capital and influence progress (development)? What coordinates, examples and dimensions does this group of actions have? What are the effects and consequences of this group of actions? Those actions that are desirable and progressive in the development of social interactions have been socially studied, analyzed and searched by using the inductive Content Analysis method. Honesty, trustworthiness and fulfillment of an obligation, altruism (Arabic: إیثار, self-sacrifice), asking forgiveness or istighfār (Arabic: استغفار ʾistiġfār), and forgiving others, kindness, non-violence, chastity and purity, patience and honesty and benevolent actions combined with social supervision have been discussed, which lead to sincerity, togetherness, coherence and expansion of social interactions and emotional relationships far from hatred and warm and emotional relationships and as a result, it causes the production of social capital and its improvement and will lead to the density of actions focused on purpose and excellence that are necessary for progress.

Background & Aim: Content Analysis was used first in communication sciences. Today, it is frequently used in media Analysis. In other sciences such as nursing, researchers apply this method in their studies. Material & Method: In spite of the importance of this method in nursing research, there was not enough Persian material on the subject. Therefore, this review study was conducted to clarify and describe definitions, classifications, principles and conceptual bases of Content Analysis. Persian and English foreign articles and books were used in this review study.Results: Most scholars believe that Content Analysis is a research tool used to determine the presence of certain words or concepts within texts or sets of texts. Some categorize it as a data Analysis technique. Texts can be defined broadly as books, book chapters, essays, interviews, discussions, newspaper headlines and articles, and historical documents. Using Content Analysis, researchers analyze the presence of meanings and relationships of such words and concepts, then make inferences about the messages within the texts, the writer(s), the audience, and even the culture and time of which these are a part.Conclusion: Content Analysis can be used in both quantitative and qualitative researches.

2Introduction: Life expectancy plays an important role in people's adaptation to the issue of divorce, and lack or low life expectancy causes psychological damage. The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying life expectancy factors in women after divorce. Methods: The current research was conducted with the qualitative approach of conventional Content Analysis. The statistical population of the present study included experts including academic lecturers in the field of psychology from Zanjan Islamic Azad University, Qom University and Zanjan University and experts in the field of family and divorce as well as women after divorce from several psychology centers in Zanjan city in in 2022. Data collection was done by semi-structured interview method. Data Analysis was done using the conventional Content Analysis method and in MAXQDA. 2020. Results: Findings showed 8 main themes and 33 sub-themes including: factors of independent financing (with 3 sub-themes), factors related to personality characteristics (with 4 sub-themes), factors related to group education through media and culture building (with 4 sub-themes), factors related to counseling and psychotherapy (with 4 sub-themes), factors related to family support, social support, government support (with 7 sub-themes), factors related to empowerment and having a goal (with 7 sub-themes), factors related to healthy lifestyle (with 2 sub-themes) and factors related to spirituality (with 2 sub-themes). Conclusions: The existence of 8 main themes including factors of independent financing, factors related to personality characteristics, factors related to group education through media and culture, factors related to counseling and psychotherapy, factors related to family support, social support, and government support. It showed factors related to empowerment and having a goal, factors related to healthy lifestyle and factors related to spirituality. Therefore, it is suggested to use the results of the present study to increase the life expectancy of divorced women.

The Content Analysis is a technique wich seeks to find the emotional and perceptional aspects of messages and / or extracted implicit perceptions of expressions based on this technique, it is tried to obtain the necessary information for analysing the research hypotheses. In this paper, which the historical trends of Content Analysis and its definitions are provided, it is attemted to identify the quantifying methods of message Content and its resulted information. The author of this paper is trying to extend the data process in Content Analysis based on the Shannon enteropy. Accordingly, if we suppose that the stages of Content Analysis technique are: 1) preparing and organizing the message, 2) revewing the message Contents, and 3) processing of data, the introduced method in this paper (Shannon enteropy) will be in the third stage. Data processing methods in Content Analysis are mostly non-compenstory and based on the frequency of each case. These methods have some mathematical and theorical difficulties that limit hteir applications, and also have some limitations according to their reliability. To prevent these problems, it is appropriate to use the compensatroy modles. Which are very rarely applied and considered in. the area of data processes in Content Analysis. This paper aimd to apply one of the main methods of engineering systems to the. area of Content Analysis so that to provide a new approch for extending and developing of the Content Analysis technique. The main section. of the paper focuses on the Shannon enteropy algorithm in Content Analysis, and also a case study is used to clarify and compare the current method with the new one for the Content Analysis. Then the validity obtained results of these two methods (current and ne ones) for processing of data based on mathematical and constructional apporach are compared and analysed.

The textbook is one of the most important learning tools; Which sometimes increases the motivation to continue their education and take big research steps for their audiences. The book Thematic Interpretation of the Holy Quran and Knowledge of the Rights of the Ahl al-Bayt (PBUH) in the Qur'an is one of the most important undergraduate courses in the field of Quranic and Hadith sciences and the only thematic interpretation in the second level of the Sisters' seminary. This book was written by Fathollah Najarzadegan. This article seeks to answer this question with a descriptive, analytical and field method; What are the advantages and disadvantages of this textbook? And also, by analyzing and evaluating the Content and structure of the book; How many textbook features are observed in this book? Research findings indicate that the readability was determined by the method of Frey, Klose and William Rumi; The author has not observed the easy-to-problem principle and is pervasive in terms of readability at the level of psychological pressure and has used more memorized sentences.